Syllabus

Theory, Research and Practice in Corrections

CCJ 6305 Dr. Cecil Greek
W 6:00 - 9:00 PM Office Telephone: 893-9570
Fall 1995 Office hours:
University of South Florida M/W 1:30-4:00 PM
St. Pete Campus Home Telephone: 525-1644
E-Mail: greek@bayflash.stpt.usf.edu Fax: 522-5022

* Required Textbooks

* Course Summary

* Reading Schedule

* Attendance, Testing, and Grading Policies

* Term Paper Requirements

* Study Questions

* Videos

* Selected Additional Bibliography

* Internet Prison-Related Sites

* Sample Final Exam

Required Textbooks:

Haas, Kenneth and Geoffrey Alpert (eds.). 1995. The Dilemmas of Corrections: Contemporary Readings. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. (3rd edition).

Rothman, David. 1990. The Discovery of the Asylum. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. (Revised edition).

Spierenburg, Pieter. 1991. The Prison Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Course Summary:

This course will present an in depth analysis of the use of prisons as the principal means of punishing criminal offenders and controlling criminal behavior. Prisons arose to replace earlier forms of punishment including capital punishment, mutilation and branding, slavery, banishment, and estate forfeiture. Why were these punishments rejected? Were they deemed ineffective or anti-humanitarian? In the first section of the course we will investigate the experimentation with imprisonment in Europe from the 17th through the 19th centuries. In addition to Spierenberg, we will discuss Foucault's theory that the development of prisons represented a shift from control over the body to the domination of the mind.

From here we will discuss the early history of prisons in the United States. Rothman has argued that prisons arose in America as a humane experimental alternative to earlier punitive English punishments. The early prison systems developed in Pennsylvania and New York will be compared. Later American developments such as the Reformatory Movement, the warehouse era, and the emergence of the medical model in corrections will be examined. Particular focus will then be placed on the major changes in American prisons from the 1960s through the 1990s including the rejection of institutional authority by inmates, the growth of correctional staff professionalization and unionization, prison rioting, and the effects of the rejection of the medical model coupled with the introduction of stiff new sentencing guidelines on institutional overcrowding and prison population management.

In the second half of the course we will attempt to answer a number of basic questions concerning everyday life inside contemporary prisons. For example: Who actually goes to prison and why, and for how long? How do maximum, medium, and minimum security facilities differ? How important is effective management and leadership to the operation of an efficient and safe prison system? What are the inmate subcultures new arrivals are likely to face? How do male and female inmate subcultures differ? How do inmates cope with the pains of imprisonment such as the deprivations of freedom, goods, sex, and social status? How has inmate litigation and federal judicial involvement in the everyday affairs of state prisons and local jails changed correctional policy? What social services and educational or vocational training is actually available for inmates? Is rehabilitation possible? Are adequate reintegrative services provided, particularly for high risk offenders?

Reading Schedule:

By reading three chapters a week in Spierenburg followed by employing the same pace to read Rothman we should finish these two books about halfway through the semester. Study questions on these sources are provided; we will cover them as part of in-class small group discussion. The rest of the semester will be spent discussing the Haas and Alpert reader. One part of this text will be covered each week with student led discussion. Study questions will be provided a week in advance by the student who has chosen to be the discussion leader for a selected individual article.

September 6
Spierenburg- Chapter 1,2,3

September 13
Spierenburg- Chapters 4,5,6

September 20
Spierenburg- Chapters 7,8,9

September 27
Spierenburg- Chapters 10,11,12

October 4
Rothman- Chapters 1,2,3,4

October 11
Rothman- Chapters 5,6,7,8

October 18
Rothman- Chapters 9,10,11

October 25
Haas & Alpert- Part 1

November 1
Haas & Alpert- Part 2

November 8
Haas & Alpert- Part 3

November 15
Haas & Alpert- Part 4

November 22
Haas & Alpert- Part 5

November 29
Haas & Alpert- Part 6

December 6
Student Presentations

Final Exam--December 13

Attendance, Testing, and Grading Policies:

There will be one exam in this course, to be given on December 13th. It will cover all readings, classroom lecture and discussion, guest speakers, and any films/video tapes shown in class. It will be worth one third of the student's final grade. Another third of the student's grade will be drawn from the term paper (described below). The final third will be based on classroom presentations and discussion, including a brief overview of the student's research paper.

You may receive your grade early by providing the instructor with a stamped, self-addressed envelope large enough to contain your blue book. Do not call me to find out about grades!

Term Paper Requirements:

The term paper must focus on a particular aspect of corrections. Examples might include inmate subcultures, correctional staffing, secure juvenile institutions, prison rehabilitative programs, sentencing patterns, the death penalty, private prisons, prison design or architecture, corrections law, social history of penology, etc.
Your paper must be double-spaced, with standard margins (approximately 1" all around), and consist of a minimum 15 pages of text, not including title page, bibliography, or illustrations. You must use at least 15 sources in your paper. Papers must include pagination. The selected additional bibliography can provide you with a good start for your paper. Criminal Justice Abstracts is another good source for locating recent journal articles. [The CD Rom on the Tampa campus has Social and Behavioral Sciences Index.]
The system of citation and referencing detailed in the accompanying handout must be followed. Any other questions concerning style or format should be referred to Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (3rd. edition, 1983). Any major format deviations will result in the loss of a letter grade. Plagiarism will not be tolerated.

The first paragraph of your paper is most important. The major theme or topic of your paper should be stated in the very first sentence. Each following sentence in the first paragraph should introduce the remaining subtopics of the paper. In other words, the paper will begin with an outline or abstract of its contents.

A draft of your paper will be due four weeks prior to the last day of class, on November 8th. At that time your paper will be evaluated by a fellow classmate using the accompanying evaluation guide. One week later another student will evaluate your paper. You will then have one week to reedit your paper incorporating your classmates' suggestions. The final version of the paper will be due one week prior to the last day of class, on December 6th. A short presentation (approximately 20 minutes) of your paper will also be given on December 6th.

All paper topics must be turned in for approval on Sept. 13th. An outline and partial bibliography (10 sources) will be due on Oct. 4th. All late papers will be assigned a 1/2 letter grade penalty for each day they are late.

Study Questions:

The Prison Experience

  • Chapter 1
    1. According to Spierenburg, how have pre- and post-1970s histories of the use of imprisonment as punishment differed? Discuss the problems related to each approach.
    2. Compare "modernization" versus "processes" accounts of prison history. What are the shortcomings of each approach to date?
    3. What 3 unique aspects of prison history does Spierenburg claim he will attempt to cover in his study?
    4. In what ways do jails and prisons differ? How do these terms enlighten any historical discussion of carceral institutions?

  • Chapter 2
    1. Why is "idleness" rather than "social class" the key concept in understanding who was likely to be incarcerated in early modern prisons?
    2. In what ways did religious institutions pioneer the use of imprisonment as a penalty?
    3. Why are concepts such as "morality" and "family" so important in understanding who was likely to be labeled deviant in early modern Europe?
    4. Discuss the fundamental change of attitude toward poverty which developed in early modern Europe. What was its impact on the treatment of marginals?
    5. Discuss the impact of each of the following on the growing use of imprisonment: (a) the Reformation (b) secularization (c) pacification and integration.

  • Chapter 3
    1. Compare the perspectives of each of the following advocates of the establishment of prison workhouses in Holland: (a) Coornhert (b) Hooft (c) Spiegel (d) Egbert.
    2. Compare the treatment of female inmates in early Dutch and English prisons.
    3. What light does the data from Haarlem shed on the use of imprisonment as an intermediate punishment?

  • Chapter 4
    1. Describe the role of "beggar catchers" in early Dutch prisons.
    2. In what ways were the stereotypes of the typical beggar's lifestyle used to justify their imprisonment in the workhouse? How are these stereotypes similar to modern ones concerned those on welfare?
    3. How many arrested beggars and vagrants were actually put to forced labor?

  • Chapter 5
    1. In what ways were early prisons "visible" institutions rather than places to hide offenders from mainstream society?
    2. Why do you think that the literature produced by and about early prisons claimed to miraculously cure personal habits associated with vagrancy, vice, and criminality?
    3. Discuss the major myth which circulated about the Amsterdam workhouse. Why was it so popular and widely believed?

  • Chapter 6
    1. Discuss the hierarchical administrative structure typical of early Dutch prisons. How does it differ from contemporary American institutions?
    2. Why did the familial model of a household economy and structure come to be the predominant one within early prisons?
    3. In what ways did early prisons resemble total institutions (Goffman)? In what ways were they different?
    4. What evidence does Spierenburg present for his view concerning the debate over the profitability or nonprofitability of early prisons?
    5. What is Spierenburg's position on the theory that early prisons were created to provide training for an undisciplined workforce necessary for the advent of modern capitalism? Why was the prison's choice to sentence offenders to rasping wood considered an important clue in answering this question?

  • Chapter 7
    1. Discuss the shift from prisons as city-based facilities to the use of such institutions as supralocal facilities.
    2. According to Spierenburg, what were the 3 indications of the growing association between prisons and crime?
    3. Discuss the different populations which were housed in the public and secret sections of Amsterdam's rasphouse.
    4. How were pardons used in early modern prisons? Why do you think they continue to be used despite the controversy they produce?
    5. How was the use of physical punishment and imprisonment intertwined in early modern prisons? What role did the stigma of "infamy" play, particularly for the guilds?

  • Chapter 8
    1. Why does prison life need to be viewed from both above and below?
    2. Briefly describe the architecture of early modern prisons.
    3. Discuss the role played by religion inside early Dutch prisons.
    4. Describe the disciplinary measures used within early modern prisons.
    5. What evidence does Spierenberg present for the existence of an inmate subculture within early prisons?

  • Chapter 9
    1. Discuss the historical origins of private confinement.
    2. What were the three major possibilities for private confinement?

  • Chapter 10
    1. How did private institutions for privileged differ from other prisons in regard to such issues as architecture, gender ratios, and escape attempts?
    2. Discuss the offenses typically committed by those sent to private institutions. 3. In what ways were these private institutions misused?

  • Chapter 11
    1. Discuss the use of transportation by the Dutch, French, and English.
    2. What were the three phases in the English use of imprisonment?
    3. Compare the use of galley slavery by the French, Spanish, and Italians.
  • Chapter 12
    1. What is Spierenberg's position on the relationship between imprisonment and capitalism?
    2. In what ways was the early use of imprisonment a form of intermediate sanctions?

    • The Discovery of the Asylum

  • Chapter 1
    1. Why does Rothman argue that the American Colonists accepted both poverty and crime as nonproblematic aspects of society.
    2. What were the three pillars of society the Colonists depended upon to prevent crime?
    3. What do you think explains the Colonists' distrust of the wandering poor?

  • Chapter 2
    1. What explains the fact that the American Colonists had so few almshouses and workhouses compared to their English counterparts?
    2. Describe a typical Colonial almshouse.
    3. Discuss the principal means of punishment used in the American Colonies to control deviant and criminal behavior. How did the punishments increase for recidivists?
    4. Describe a typical Colonial jail.

  • Chapter 3
    1. In what ways did the writings of Cesare Beccaria directly influence the American criminal justice system during the early years of the republic?
    2. How were law and criminality related in the minds of post-colonial Americans? What role did prison play in their thought?
    3. What does Rothman make of the attempt of Auburn and other prison officials to compile life histories of offenders?

  • Chapter 4
    1. Why did Jacksonian Americans pay so much attention to prison architecture and routines?
    2. Discuss the debates over the relative merits of the Pennsylvania and New York prison systems.
    3. How were recalcitrant inmates dealt with in Jacksonian American prisons?
    4. Why does Rothman argue that the Jacksonian prison models were not based on the accumulated results of previous experiments with the use of imprisonment?
    5. How did Jacksonian prisons attempt to avoid all forms of "contagion?"

  • Chapter 5
    1. In what ways was insanity believed to be a disease of the brain?
    2. Why was "civilization" itself thought to produce insanity?
    3. Discuss how the following aspects of American civilization were contributing to the production of insanity: (1) the economic sphere (2) contemporary politics (3) religion (4) the family.
  • Chapter 6
    1. Why do you think that institutionalization as a cure for insanity was preferred over the use of medicines or surgeries or home treatment?
    2. Why were rural locations chosen for asylums?
    3. Describe a typical patient day at a mid-nineteenth century facility for the insane.
    4. In what ways was the asylum regime different from the prison regimes of the same era? How were they similar?

  • Chapter 7
    1. Why was it believed that true poverty was ultimately impossible in the United States?
    2. What was the perceived relationship between poverty and crime? poverty and alcohol use?
    3. Why were traditional forms of welfare/poor relief deemed inadequate?

  • Chapter 8
    1. Describe the general patterns of the switch from outdoor to indoor relief in New England and the Middle Atlantic states.
    2. In what ways was the philosophy undergirding the almshouse movement similar to those supporting the prison and asylum campaigns?
    3. Discuss the general routine and the disciplinary structures of mid-nineteenth century almhouses. Compare to contemporary prisons and asylums.

  • Chapter 9
    1. What types of youth were targeted by the house of refuge movement? Discuss the theoretical model of delinquency which was used to justify these decisions.
    2. What was the specific role juvenile justice reformers attributed to the family in the prevention or production of delinquency. How did the house of refuge movement attempt to minimize this factor?
    3. Describe the everyday routine inside a typical house of refuge. In what ways were they similar to modern day "boot camps"?

  • Chapter 10
    1. Discuss the decline of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models of corrections.
    2. In the 1860s prison reformers suggested a number of changes in sentencing and the use of incarceration. What were they?
    3. How were the outcomes of the penitentiary and house of refuge movements different in the 1850s?

  • Chapter 11
    1. Discuss the changes that occurred at mental asylums in the 1850s-1860s?
    2. What was the fate of the almshouse in the same time period?

    • Videos:

  • History of Prisons/Comparative Corrections
    292 Crime and Punishment in the U.S.S.R.
    278 Alcatraz
    80 Heart of the Dragon: Caring
    88 Heart of the Dragon: Correcting
    290 The Last Gulag
    189 Victorian Values: Law and Order
    284 Asylum (historical)
    373 Asylum (HBO)

  • Sentencing
    207 Are the Wrong People in Prison? [60 Minutes]
    271 Tough Time [The Reporters] [sentencing]

  • Death Penalty
    332 The Death Penalty: Justice or Vengeance
    261 Death Row Kids [48 Hours]
    211 Execution: 14 Days in May

  • Falsely Imprisoned
    253 Randall Dale Adams [The Reporters]
    273 False Witness [the Jeffrey McDonald case]
    263 The Thin Blue Line
    131 Verdict: The Wrong Man
    258 Why Not Gilbert Rideau?

  • Jails
    342 Mentally Ill in Jails [20/20]
    356 1-800-CON-MAN
    364 Riker's Island

  • Minimum, Medium, and Maximum Security
    185 Club Fed
    203 Marion Federal Pen
    287 Willie Bosket
    338 Doing Time [Lewisburg]
    344 Prisons [the 90s]

  • Inmate Subcultures/Corrections Officers
    104 Prison Gangs [Texas]
    267 Shock Treatment [The Reporters]
    296 Golden Years Behind Bars
    312 Prisoners of AIDS
    326 Other Prisoners [C.O.'s]

  • Women's Prisons
    207 Women Beyind Bars [Shriver]
    228 Women Beyind Bars Update
    281 Children of Imprisoned Mothers
    166 Mabell Bassett Inmates [female]
    283 Women Doing Time [Currents]
    290 America's Fastest Growing Prison Population: Women [48 Hours]

  • Overcrowding/Rioting
    211 America's Prison Crisis
    126 Overcrowded Prisons and Alternatives [Crime File]
    275 Crime and Punishment [The Reporters]
    196 Shakedown at Santa Fe
    289 Florida Prisons [20/20]
    299 Attica

  • Corrections Law
    343 G. Stanley Walker [writes inmates lawsuits]
    339 That's the Law [prison medical services]

  • Privatization
    34 For Profit Prisons

  • Parole/Reintegration
    155 The Austin Choker [parole]
    223 Life After Death Row [ABC]
    22 Parole [20/20]
    294 Delancy Street
    323 Convicts on the Street
    328 Parole in Florida [includes me]
    333 Florida Prison Releases [Larry King]

    • PRISON MOVIES

    167 Attica
    31 Bad Boys
    301 The Big House
    55 Brubaker
    57 Caged
    118 A Clockwork Orange
    262 Convicted - John LaRoquette
    68 Cool Hand Luke
    326 Criminal Justice
    104 Crime School - Humphrey Bogart
    32 Daniel
    253 Dead Man Out - Ruben Blades
    128 Doing Life - Tony Danza
    22 Eddie Macon's Run
    37 Escape from Alcatraz
    94 The Execution of Raymond Graham
    324 Executioner's Song
    214 Farewell to Manzanar
    3 Forty-eight Hours
    102 Gideon's Trumpet
    104 The Glass House - Alan Alda
    23 Helter Skelter
    164 I am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang - Paul Muni
    227 I Want to Live - version 1: Susan Hayward
    227 I Want to Live - version 2: Lindsey Wagner
    113 Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys
    161 Kiss of the Spider Woman
    79 Love Child - Amy Madigan
    142 Marie
    32 Maximum Security [HBO]
    54 Maximum Security [HBO]
    57 Maximum Security [HBO]
    60 Maximum Security [HBO]
    62 Maximum Security [HBO]
    63 Maximum Security [HBO]
    68 Maximum Security [HBO]
    107 Mrs. Soffel
    44 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
    180 The Onion Field
    277 Parole
    335 Prison Stories - women
    199 Raising Arizona
    327 Riot
    143 Runaway Train
    136 Scared Straight: Another Story
    172 The Star Chamber
    338 Straight Time - Dustin Hoffman
    2 Take the Money and Run
    69,74 Three Sovereigns for Sister Sarah
    180 Tough Guys - Burt Lancaster
    103 White Heat - James Cagney
    47 Women of San Quentin

    SELECTED ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY:

    ACE Program of the Bedford Hills Corrections Facility. 1993. Breaking the Walls of Silence: AIDS and Women in a New York State Maximum Security Prison.

    Allen, Bud, and Diana Bosta. 1981. Games Criminals Play and How You Can Profit by Knowing Them.

    Alper, Benedict. 1974. Prisons Inside-Out. [reforms]

    American Correctional Association. 1983. Correctional Officers.

    American Correctional Association. 1985. Jails in America.

    American Correctional Association. 1990. Causes, Preventive Measures, and Methods of Controlling Riots and Disturbances in Correctional Institutions.

    American Correctional Association. 1991. Vital Statistics in Corrections.

    American Correctional Association. 1993a. Understanding Cultural Diversity.

    American Correctional Association. 1993b. Improving Media Relations: A Handbook for Corrections.

    American Correctional Association. 1993c. Classification: A Tool for Managing Today's Offenders.

    American Correctional Association. 1993d. Female Offenders: Meeting the Needs of a Neglected Population.

    Anderson, Debra. 1986. Curbing the Abuses of Inmate Litigation.

    Ayers, Edward. 1984. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th Century South.

    Barnes, Harry Elmer. 1972. The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania.

    Barnes, Harry Elmer. 1972. The Story of Punishment.

    Bartollas, Clemens. 1985. Correctional Treatment.

    Berkman, Ronald. 1979. Opening the Gates: The Rise of the Prisoners' Movement.

    Biles, David (ed.). 1988. Current International Trends in Corrections.

    Bondeson, Ulla. 1989. Prisoners in Prison Societies. [Inmate subcultures]

    Bowker, Lee. 1980. Prison Victimization.

    Braswell, Michael et al. 1985. Prison Violence.

    Butler, Anne and C. Murray Henderson. 1990. Angola, Louisiana State Penitentiary: A Half-centiry of Rage and Reform.

    Byrne, James. 1992. Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions.

    Carlie, Michael and Kevin Minor. 1992. Prisons around the World. Dubuque, IO: William C. Brown.

    Carlson, Bonnie and Neil Cervera. 1992. Inmates and Their Wives. NY: Greenwood Press.

    Carney, Francis. 1989. Criminality and its Treatment: The Patuxent Experience. [Maximum Security Psychiatric Prison]

    Carroll, Leo. 1974. Hacks, Blacks, and Cons.

    Chaiken, Marcia. 1989. In-Prison Programs for Drug-Involved Offenders.

    Chilton, Bradley. 1992. Prisons Under the Gavel: The Federal Court Takeover of Georgia Prisons.

    Christie, Nils. 1993. Crime Control as Industry. NY: Routledge.

    Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The Prison Community.

    Colvin, Mark. 1992. The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accommodation to Riot in New Mexico.

    Cooke, David et al. 1993. Psychology in Prisons.

    Crouch, Ben, and James Marquart. 1989. An Appeal to Justice. [Texas prison litigation]

    Crowther, Bruce. 1989. Captured on Film.

    Cullen, Francis, and Karen Gilbert. 1982. Reaffirming Rehabilitation.

    Davidson, R. 1974. Chicano Prisoners: The Key to San Quentin.

    Davies, Ioan. 1990. Writers in Prison. NY: Basil Blackwell.

    DeWitt, Charles. 1988. National Directory of Corrections Construction.

    DiIulio, John. 1991. No Escape: The Future of American Corrections. Basic Books.

    DiIulio, John (ed.) 1990. Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial Intervention on Prisons and Jails. Oxford Univ. Press.

    DiIulio, John. 1987. Governing Prisons.

    Disney, Francis. 1992. Shepton Mallet Prison: 380 Years of Prison Regimes. [England]

    Dix, Dorothea. 1845. Prisons and Prison Discipline.

    Dobash, Russell, et al. 1986. The Imprisonment of Women.

    Duffee, David. Correctional Management.

    Ekland-Olson, Sheldon and Steve Martin. 1987. Texas Prisons: The Walls Came Tumbling Down.

    Eriksson, Torsten. 1976. The Reformers. [comparative]

    Evans, Robin. 1982. The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750-1840.

    Farbstein, Jay. 1986. Correctional Facility Planning and Design.

    Fishman, Laura. 1990. Women at the Wall: A Study of Prisoners' Wives Doing Time on the Outside.

    Fletcher. Beverly, Lynda Shaver, and Dreama Moon. (eds.). 1993. Women Prisoners. NY: Praeger.

    Fogel, David. 1979. We Are the Living Proof: The Justice Model of Corrections.

    Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.

    Franklin, H. Bruce. 1989. Prison Literature in America.

    Giallombardo, Rose. 1966. Society of Women.

    Giallombardo, Rose. 1974. The Social World of Imprisoned Girls.

    Goldfarb, Ronald. 1975. Jails: The Ultimate Ghetto.

    Goodstein, Lynne, and John Hepburn. 1985. Determinate Sentencing and Imprisonment: A Failure of Reform.

    Gorecki, Jan. 1983. Capital Punishment.

    Gottfredson, Don, and Michael Tonry. 1987. Prediction and Classification.

    Griset, Pamala. 1991. Determinate Sentencing: The Promise and the Reality of Retributive Justice.

    Grissom, Grant, and William Dubnov. 1989. Without Locks and Bars: Reforming Our Reform Schools.

    Gross, Donalyn. 1991. Dying in Prison: Counseling the Terminal Inmate.

    Henriques, Zelma. 1982. Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children.

    Hirsch, Adam. 1992. The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.

    Ignatieff, Michael. 1978. A Just Measure of Pain.

    Irwin, John. 1980. Prisons in Turmoil.

    Irwin, John. 1985. The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society.

    Jackson, George. 1970. Soledad Brother. [letters]

    Jacobs, James. 1977. Stateville.

    Jacoby, Susan. 1983. Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge.

    Johnson, Robert. 1981. Condemned to Die.

    Johnson, Robert and Hans Toch (eds). The Pains of Imprisonment.

    Johnson, Robert. 1990. Death Work. [interviews death row inmates, guards, and executioners]

    Kalinich, David. 1980. Power, Stability, and Contraband.

    Kauffman, Kelsey. 1988. Prison Officers and Their World.

    Keve, Paul. 1986. The History of Corrections in Virginia.

    Keve, Paul. 1991. Prisons and the American Conscience: A History of U.S. Federal Corrections.

    Knight, Barbara, and Stephen Early. 1986. Prisoners' Rights in America.

    Kratcoski, Peter. 1981. Correctional Counseling and Treatment.

    Laurence, John. 1960. A History of Capital Punishment.

    Lester, David and Bruce Danto. 1993. Suicide Behind Bars: Prevention and Prediction.

    Lewis, Orlando. 1922. The Development of American Prisons and Prison Customs, 1776-1845.

    Little, Michael. 1990. Young Men in Prison.

    Lombardo, Lucien. 1989. Guards Imprisoned: Correctional Officers at Work.

    Lozoff, Bo, and Michael Braswell. 1989. Inner Corrections. [New Age]

    Manocchio, Anthony and Jimmy Dunn. 1970. The Time Game: Two Views of a Prison.

    Manville, Daniel. 1983. Prisoners' Self-Help Litigation Manual.

    Massey. 1989. The World of the Prison Novel.

    Mayer, Adele. 1988. Sex Offenders.

    McGarrell, Edmund. 1988. Juvenile Correctional Reform. [New York]

    McHugh, Gerald. 1978. Christian Faith and Criminal Justice.

    Miller, Kent and Michael Radelet. 1993 Executing the Mentally Ill.

    Miller, Jerome. Last One Over the Wall: The Massachusetts Experiment in Closing Reform Schools. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

    Morris, Norval. 1974. The Future of Imprisonment.

    Murphy, John, and Jack Dixon (eds.). 1990. Are Prisons Any Better? Twenty Years of Correctional Reform.

    Murton, Thomas. 1976. The Dilemma of Prison Reform.

    Norberry, Jennifer et al (eds.). 1991. HIV/AIDS and Prisons.

    Odier, Pierre. 1982. The Rock: A History of Alcatraz.

    Palmer, John. 1991. Constitutional Rights of Prisoners. 4th Edition.

    Palmer, Ted. 1992. The Re-emergence of Correctional Intervention. (Treatment)

    Parisi, Nicolette. 1982. Coping With Imprisonment.

    Platt, Tony, and Paul Takagi. 1980. Punishment and Penal Discipline.

    Player, Elaine and Michael Jenkins. 1994. Prisons After Woolf: Reform through Riot. (England)

    Pollock-Bryne, Joycelyn. 1990. Women, Prison, and Crime.

    Polsky, Howard. 1962. Cottage Six.

    Quay, Herbert. 1984. Managing Adult Inmates: Classification for Housing and Program Management.

    Radzinowicz, Leon, and Marvin Wolfgang. 1977. Crime and Justice. Volume 3: The Criminal Under Restraint.

    Radelet, Michael, et al. 1992. In Spite of Innocence: Erroneous Convictions in Capital Cases. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Reed, Emily. 1993. The Penry Penalty: Capital Punishment and Offenders with Mental Retardation. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Reiman, Jeffrey. 1990. The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison.

    Rettig, Richard, et al. 1977. Manny: A Criminal Addict's Story.

    Roberts, John 1994. Escaping Prison Myths: The History of Federal Corrections. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Robbins, Ira. 1988. The Legal Dimensions of Private Incarceration.

    Rothman, David. 1991. The Discovery of the Asylum. Rotman, Edgardo. 1990. Beyond Punishment: A New View on the Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders.

    Russell, Gregory. 1993. The Death Penalty and Racial Bias. NY: Greenwood.

    Ryan, Mick, and Tony Ward. 1989. Privatization and the Penal System: The American Experience and the British Debate.

    Saenz, Adolph. 1986. Politics of a Prison Riot. [Santa Fe]

    Sanders, Wiley. 1970. Juvenile Offenders for a Thousand Years.

    Santamour, Miles. 1989. The Mentally Retarded Offender and Corrections.

    Schloegel, Judith, and Robert Kinast. 1988. From Cell to Society. [reintegration]

    Scranton, Phil, Joe Sim and Paula Skidmore. 1991. Prisons Under Protest. Philadelphia: Open University Press. [England]

    Sellin, Thorstein, 1976. Slavery and the Penal System. [chain gangs]

    Sim, Joe. 1990. Medical Power in Prisons: The Prison Medical Service in England, 1774-1988. Bristol, PA: Open University Press.

    Smith, Alexander, and Louis Berlin. 1988. Treating the Criminal Offender.

    Spelman, William 1994. Criminal Incapacitation. NY: Plenum.

    Spierenburg, Pieter. 1991. The Prison Experience: Disciplinary Institutions and Their Inmates in Early Modern Europe. Rutgers University Press.

    Stastny, Charles, and Gabrielle Tyrnauer. 1982. Who Rules the Joint?

    Steadman, Henry et al. 1989. The Mentally Ill in Jail: Planning for Essential Services.

    Streib, Victor. 1987. Death Penalty for Juveniles.

    Sutton, John. 1988. Stubborn Children.

    Sykes, Gresham. 1958. The Society of Captives.

    Toch, Hans and Kenneth Adams. 1989. The Disturbed Violent Offender.

    Toch, Hans and Kenneth Adams. 1991. Coping: Maladaptation in Prisons.

    Tomasevski, Katarina (ed.). 1986. Children in Adult Prisons.

    Thompson, Joel, and G. Mays (eds.). 1991. American Jails.

    United States Department of Justice. 1978. Prison Employee Unionism.

    Useem, Bert, and Peter Kimball. 1989. States of Siege. [riots]

    Van den Haag, Ernest. 1975. Punishment of Criminals.

    Van Voorhis, Patricia. 1994. Psychological Classification of the Adult Male Prison Inmate. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

    van Zyl Smit, Dirk and Frieder Dunkel. (eds.). 1991. Imprisonment Today and Tomorrow: International Perspectives on Prisoners' Rights and Prison Conditions. Boston: Kluwer.

    Walsh, Anthony. 1988. Understanding, Assessing, and Counseling the Criminal Justice Client.

    Wiener, Martin. 1990. Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830-1914. (early British prisons)

    Whitehead, John. 1989. Burnout in Probation and Corrections.

    Whitfield, Dick (ed.). 1991. The State of the Prisons--200 Years On. NY: Routledge. [comparative]

    Wicker, Tom. 1975. A Time to Die.

    Wilbanks, William. 1987. The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System.

    Wooden, Wayne, and Jay Parker. 1982. Men Behind Bars. [sex]

    Wright, Richard. 1993. In Defense of Prisons. NY: Greenwood.

    Yackle, Larry. 1989. Reform and Regret: The Story of Federal Judicial Involvement in the Alabama Prison System.

    Zamble, Edward, and Frank Porpino. 1988. Coping, Behavior and Adaptation in Prison Inmates.

    Zimmerman, Sherwood, and Harold Miller. 1981. Corrections at the Crossroads: Designing Policy.

    Zupan, Linda. 1991. Jails. [new generation]

    JOURNALS IN CORRECTIONS

    Corrections Digest
    Corrections Journal
    Corrections Today
    Federal Probation
    The Journal of Prisoners on Prisons (Inmate authors)
    National Prison Project Journal
    Overcrowded Times: Solving the Prison Problem
    Prison Journal

    Sample Final Exam Questions

    1. Discuss the types of penalties which preceded the advent of prison as the major means on controlling crime. Why is "idleness" rather than "social class" the key concept in understanding who was likely to be incarcerated in early modern prisons? What is Spierenburg's position on the theory that early prisons were created to provide training for an undisciplined workforce necessary for the advent of modern capitalism? Why was the prison's choice to sentence offenders to rasping wood considered an important clue in answering this question?

    2. Discuss the hierarchical administrative structure typical of early Dutch prisons. How does it differ from contemporary American institutions? In what ways were early prisons "visible" institutions rather than places to hide offenders from mainstream society? Why did the familial model of a household economy and structure come to be the predominant one within early prisons? In what ways did early prisons resemble total institutions (Goffman)? In what ways were they different? How were early Dutch prisons different from 19th Century British prisons or contemporary Chinese penal institutions?

    3. Why does Rothman argue that the American Colonists accepted both poverty and crime as nonproblematic aspects of society? What were the three pillars of society the Colonists depended upon to prevent crime? How were law and criminality related in the minds of post-colonial Americans? What role did prison play in their thought? Why did Jacksonian Americans believe that "civilization" itself was producing insanity and crime?

    4. Compare the day-to-day routines of early prisons in Pennsylvania and New York. Discuss the debates over the relative merits of the Pennsylvania and New York prison systems. What were the major correctional innovations advocated by the Reformatory Movement? Compare the treatment of mentally ill criminal inmates as discussed by Rothman and as depicted in the two "Asylum" films.

    5. How did sentencing patterns employed by the state of Florida and the federal government change during the 1980s? What has been the impact of these changes on their respective correctional systems? Discuss the arguments which have been made concerning why blacks make up such a disproportionate number of contemporary incarcerates?

    6. Discuss the following aspects of contemporary prison inmate subculture: [a] violence [b] gangs [c] how female prison inmate subculture is different from male inmate subculture [d] the relationship between prison guards and snitches [e] riots.

    7. What role does law play in contemporary corrections? Be sure to discuss federal court involvement in the day-to-day operations of prisons, inmate access to lawyers and the courts, prisoners' due process and substantive rights, the specific rights of jail detainees, 42 U.S.C.§ 1983, and liability within private prisons. Discuss Texas and New Mexico as examples of how inmate lawsuits have impacted on corrections. How is AIDS in prison likely to be treated as a legal issue?

    8. Discuss the recent debates over the effectiveness or lack of effectiveness of prison rehabilitation efforts. According to James Q. Wilson, what works and what doesn't when it comes to rehabilitation programs? Are prison boot camps effective? Why do you think that the parolees depicted in "Convicts on the Street" had such higher recidivism rates than those featured in "Delancy Street?"

    9. Discuss the following statement: While community-based correctional alternatives were first suggested as a liberal humanitarian alternative to prison, they are now being depicted as conservative crime-control policies. Discuss the pros and cons of the following community-based innovations: [a] intensive supervision probation [b] electronic monitoring [c] community service [d] restitution. How have the following factors impacted community corrections over the last decade? [a] changes in Florida sentencing laws [b] the increase in AIDS clients [c] government funding.

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